6. Name of Wetland: SOUTHERN BIGHT - MINAS BASIN, Nova Scotia

1. Country: Canada

2. Effective Date of Information: The information provided is taken from text supplied at the time of designation to the List of Wetlands of International Importance, November 1987. Information was updated by CWS-AR in February 1993.

3. Reference: Canada - 29.

4. Name and Address of Compiler: Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3.

5. Date of Ramsar Designation: 5 November 1987.

6. Geographical Coordinates: 45ø13'N., 64ø16'W.

7. General Location: The wetland is in the southern extension of Minas Basin and immediately north of the Town of Wolfville, Nova Scotia.

8. Area: 26 800 ha.

9. Wetland Type (Ramsar Classification System):

   Marine and Coastal Wetlands:

   Type 1 - Marine waters - permanent shallow waters less than six metres deep at low tide; includes sea bays, straits.

   Type 6 - Estuarine waters; permanent waters of estuaries and estuarine systems of deltas.

   Type 7 - Intertidal mud,sand or salt flats.

   Type 8 - Intertidal marshes; includes salt marshes, salt meadows, saltings, raised salt marshes, tidal brackish and freshwater marshes.

10. Altitude: Ranges from 0 m to 20 m. above mean sea level

11. Overview (Principle Characteristics): The basin is a wide, open bay into which flows one major and several smaller river systems. The surrounding coast is low, rolling upland with salt marshes prevalent. One small island (Boot Island) occurs within the site.

12. Physical Features (Geology, Geomorphology, Hydrology, Soils, Water, Climate): The site is subject to macro-tidal fluctuations (range of 14 m) as it is associated with the Bay of Fundy. Extensive tidal flats occur along all sections of the coast and in places extend over 5 km into the basin at low tide. The flats consist of fine marine silts that have been deposited by the silt-laden tidal waters.

13. Ecological Features (Habitats, Vegetation): Extensive tidal flats and their associated invertebrate fauna support extremely large numbers of migrant shorebirds. Minas Basin and the Mary's Point - Shepody Bay sites are critical habitats supporting very high densities of the mud-dwelling marine amphipod Corophium volutator, the principal prey species for shorebirds. The site comprises 100 ha of upland (Boot Island National Wildlife Area); 1 400 ha of salt marsh; 7 800 ha of mud-sand flats; 100 ha of beach; and 15 700 ha of open water.

14. Land Tenure:

    (a) Site: The majority of the site is inter- or sub-tidal and is thus undeeded. Boot Island (144 ha) is owned by the Government of Canada (Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service). Much of the salt marsh area is privately owned.

    (b) Surrounding Area: Mostly privately owned farms and cottages.

15. Conservation Measures Taken: The only portion of the site which has protected status is Boot Island, (144 ha), which has been established as a National Wildlife Area and activities are controlled by the Wildlife Area Regulations under the Canada Wildlife Act of 1973. In 1988 Minas Basin (Southern Bight) was added to Mary's Point and Shepody Bay, all located in the Upper Fundy Region, collectively to form the Bay of Fundy Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve under the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Program.

16. Conservation Measures Proposed: In 1992, a Management Plan for the site was drafted by the Province of Nova Scotia and the Canadian Wildlife Service calling for a number of specific actions including, declaration of the site as a Provincial Wildlife Management Area, designation of specific beaches, securement of key habitats and possible regulation of the bait worm industry.

17. Current Land Use/Activities in:

    (a) Site: Little activity takes place that seriously impacts on the birds or their habitat, however, there is a growing concern over the possible long term effects of an annual bait worm harvest that provides bait for the US salt water sports fishery. Some recreational activity causes disturbance to roosting flocks on Evangeline Beach. A federal-provincial Management Plan for the site will be finalized in 1994 which should address existing land use issues in this area.

    (b) Surrounding Area: Farms, cottages and rural homes.

18. Threats to Integrity of:

    (a) Site: Unregulated harvesting of polychaetes for the commercial bait industry is causing local concern. The development of a Fundy Tidal Power barrage in Cobequid Bay would cause tidal changes at this site and possible alteration to siltation patterns.

    (b) Surrounding Area: Housing and cottage developments may subject the Ramsar site to additional recreational pressure.

19. Hydrological/Physical Values: The embayment is a spectacular macro tidal environment.

20. Social/Cultural Values: One beach site (Evangeline Beach) is a popular summer vacation area and is closely associated with the nearby Evangeline National Historic Park. Birdwatching during the annual shorebird migration is a popular recreational activity as is hunting of waterfowl during fall and early winter. A small flounder fishery occurs in the Bay.

21. Noteworthy Fauna: At peak times, Minas Basin supports flocks of up to 400 000 Semi-palmated Sandpiper Calidris pusilla, along with thousands of Semi-palmated Plover Charadrius simipalmatus, Black-bellied Plover Pluvialis squatarola, Short-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus griseus and up to 10 000 Least Sandpiper Calidris minutilla. Several pairs of Eastern Willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus breed on the salt marshes and Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias, Double-crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus and gulls nest on Boot Island. Sizeable numbers of waterfowl (Canada Goose Branta canadensis, Black Duck Anas rubripes, Green-winged Teal Anas crecca carolinensis) use the salt marsh and associated wetlands during spring and fall.

22. Noteworthy Flora:

23. Current Scientific Research and Facilities: Due to the close proximity of this site to Acadia University at Wolfville, Nova Scotia, shorebird distribution and feeding ecology have been extensively studied. Boot Island National Wildlife Area is surveyed every second year and no activity other than research occurs on that site.

24. Current Conservation Education: A sign identifying the significance of the site is located at Evangeline Beach. Guided walks are conducted by the Blomidon Naturalists Society and the Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources.

25. Current Recreation and Tourism: Visitor facilities are available in the nearby Evangeline Beach Provincial Park.

26. Management Authority: Boot Island is administered by the Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada.

27. Jurisdiction: Partially Federal; Environment Canada (Boot Island NWA); Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources.

28. Selected Bibliography:

    • Blomidon Naturalists Society, 1992. Natural History of Kings County

    • Boates, J.S. and P.C. Smith. 1989. The crawling behaviour of the amphipod Corophium volutator and foraging by Semipalmated Sandpipers Calidris pusilla. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67: 457-462.

    • Gilliland, K., and J.S. Boates. 1992. Counting shorebirds in the Bay of Fundy. N.S. Conservation 16(1): 5- 7.

    • Harrington, B.A. and R.I.G. Morrison. 1979. Semi-palmated sandpiper migration in North America. Studies in Avian Biology 2: 83-100. Cooper Ornithological Society, Los Angeles, California.

    • Hicklin, P.W. 1987. The migration of shorebirds in the Bay of Fundy. Wilson Bulletin, 99(4), pp 540-570

    • Hicklin, P.W. and A.D. Smith.1988. Naming and Protecting Wildlife Habitats: Hemispheric Shorebird Reserves and Ramsar Sites. N.S. Conservation 12(2) 6-9.

    • Majka, M. 1978. Wings over Fundy. Nature Canada 7(3).

    • Matthews, S.L., J.S. Boates and S.J. Walde. 1992. Shorebird predation may cause discrete generations in an amphiopod prey. Ecography 15(4): 393-400.

    • Mawhinney, K. 1991. Use of foraging and roost sites in the Minas Basin Hemispheric Shorebird Reserve by Migrant Semipalmated Sandpipers. Prog. Rep., Can Wild Ser, Sackville, N.B., 13pp.

    • Morrison, R.I.G. 1974 to 1978. Annual reports of the Maritime Shorebird Survey, Canadian Wildlife Service,Ottawa, Ontario.

    • Morrison, R.I.G. 1976. Use of the Bay of Fundy by shorebirds. In Daborn, G.R. (editor). Proceedings, Workshop of Fundy Tidal Power and the Environment. Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia.

29. Reasons for Ramsar Designation: The wetland supports the largest numbers of mixed species of shoreline birds during fall migration in all of North America. Minas Basin is a critical component of the Bay of Fundy Hemispheric Shorebird Reserve declared under the WHSRN which also includes the Mary's Point and Shepody Bay Ramsar sites.